YQ and GT carried out the cell cultures. the chronic analgesic tolerance. Lidocaine suppressed morphine-induced activation of microglia and downregulated inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) via upregulating SOCS3 by activating AMPK. Lidocaine enhanced AMPK phosphorylation inside Orphenadrine citrate a calcium-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK)-dependent manner. Furthermore, … Continue reading YQ and GT carried out the cell cultures